I always wondered if the categories' names to which an application can belong were created by Ubuntu or Gnome. The category list can be found in the application .desktop files under the name "Categories" (surprised, eh? :-)). Files .desktop of standard applications are positioned in /usr/share/applications . Categories modifies, for example, where an application icon appears in the desktop main menu. I recently discovered that the names are defined by the freedesktop standard; an in depth description is here: http://standards.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/menu-spec-1.0.html#category-registry So, at least in theory, categories work the same way in every desktop environment that claim di adhere to the freedesktop standard.
Scattered thoughts, mainly about about computer science and computing education.